Revised 2025
Visit our “How to Vote Quickguide” for an outline of the resources given in this article.
Contents
- Introduction: Why Science Needs Your Voice
- Know Your Political Parties
- Voting for Your City Council
- Voting for Your County Officials
- Voting for Your State Legislatures and Constitutional Officers
- Voting for Your Congressional Representative and Senators
- Congress and Senate (Continued)
- Voting for Your President
- How to Vote
- How to Vote (Continued): Overseas and Absentee Voting
- Ideals and Policies: What to Look for in a Candidate
- For Science to Prevail: A Call to Civic Engagement
- What Action to Take: Four Simple Rules
- Educate Yourself and Make Contact (Toolkits)
- Harvard-Style References
Introduction: Why Science Needs Your Voice
Science is under threat—not from a lack of discovery or ingenuity, but from deliberate political sabotage. In today’s world, spreading misinformation and keeping people uninformed has become a lucrative business. Powerful corporate interests, especially in the fossil fuel industry, actively promote anti-scientific propaganda to protect their profits.
These billionaire-backed entities pollute our air, water, and soil, all while funding campaigns that mislead the public and manipulate lawmakers. The result is a sustained attack on public education, environmental regulations, public health, and the credibility of science itself.
Why does this happen? Because ignorance can be profitable—and scientific truth can be inconvenient for those who exploit the Earth and its people for personal gain.
In a functioning democracy, elected officials are supposed to represent their constituents—the everyday citizens who vote them into office. Yet in reality, many members of Congress respond not to the voices of the people, but to the money of wealthy donors. In some districts, unless you can afford to “pay for access,” your voice goes unheard. This amounts to legalized bribery and undermines the very foundation of democratic government.
That’s why civic engagement matters now more than ever. It is not enough to believe in science—we must stand up for it. Rational citizens, educators, students, and scientists alike must participate actively in politics. That begins with the most basic but essential civic act: voting.
Too many people skip elections. But when rational, science-minded citizens stay home, they leave the door wide open for those who oppose progress to decide the future for everyone else. The good news? A small, organized group of committed voters can still shape the outcome of local and national elections. That means your vote truly counts.
Start by taking simple steps: register to vote, mark election days on your calendar, and encourage your friends and colleagues to do the same. Services like Vote.org can send reminders straight to your inbox and help you meet deadlines for registration and absentee voting.
We are living through a pivotal moment in history. More scientists than ever before are running for office. They are stepping into the political arena not to gain power, but to protect truth, reason, and the future of our planet. By supporting them—and becoming civically active ourselves—we help steer society away from ignorance and toward enlightenment.
This movement is nothing short of a renaissance. Just as the Enlightenment once liberated humanity from superstition, today’s science-driven civic movement seeks to free us from corruption, disinformation, and short-term thinking. It’s a thrilling time to be alive—and a critical time to get involved.
I want to be part of this transformation. You can be part of it too.
Know Your Political Parties
Before casting your vote, it’s essential to understand the political landscape of your country. In the United States, that means getting familiar with the major political parties, their platforms, and their values. A good place to begin is with the official websites of the Republican National Committee (GOP) and the Democratic National Committee.
These two parties dominate American politics and represent broad ideological camps: Republicans are generally considered conservative, while Democrats tend to hold more liberal or progressive positions.
But these are not the only players in the political arena.
Other parties, such as the Green Party and the Libertarian Party, also field candidates and advocate for specific visions of governance. The Green Party emphasizes environmental protection, social justice, and grassroots democracy, while the Libertarian Party champions individual freedom, minimal government, and free-market policies.
You can explore a full list of active political parties on platforms like Wikipedia’s “List of Political Parties in the United States”, which provides a helpful overview of their history and focus.
Is Voting Third Party a Wasted Vote?
A frequent question among voters—especially those frustrated with the two-party system—is whether voting for a third-party or independent candidate “wastes” a vote. Critics argue that since third-party candidates rarely win major elections in the U.S., these votes can inadvertently tip the scales in favor of the least preferred major candidate.
But that’s not always the case. In fact, third-party and independent candidates often introduce bold ideas into the public discourse—ideas that can shift the national conversation or eventually be adopted by one of the major parties. A conscientious voter recognizes that political evolution often begins at the margins.
That said, strategic voting is a reality in closely contested elections. If the race between the two leading candidates is tight, and you believe one would be significantly more harmful to science, education, the environment, or human rights, then it may be wiser to support the more viable candidate. In such cases, it’s not about abandoning your ideals—it’s about minimizing harm while keeping long-term change in sight.
Vote with Awareness
The key is to educate yourself on all available options. Read party platforms, attend candidate debates (or watch them online), and pay attention to how candidates speak about science, climate, education, and public health. A well-informed vote sends a powerful message—whether it supports a major party or a smaller one—and shapes the direction of future policies.
| Republican Party (GOP) | Democratic Party Party | Green Party | Libertarian Party |
| Conservative values, limited government, traditionalism | Progressive reform, social equity, expanded public services | Environmental sustainability, social justice, grassroots democracy | Personal liberty, minimal state, free-market economics |
Voting for Your City Council
One of the most powerful—and often overlooked—ways to support science and improve your community is by voting in local elections. Your city council makes decisions that directly affect your everyday life: local schools, public transportation, sanitation, environmental protections, and more. These are not abstract issues—they shape your neighborhood, your health, and your future.
How to Get Involved Locally
To start, find out when your city council meets and what issues are on the agenda. You can usually do this by typing the name of your city followed by “city council” into a search engine like Google, Bing, or Yahoo. The council’s website typically lists meeting schedules, contact information for council members, and records of past votes and policies.
You’ll also want to know when and how to vote in local elections. Depending on your location, this information might be found on the website of your city’s Board of Elections or Board of Election Commissioners.
Examples Across the U.S.
- New York City: Visit the New York City Council and the Board of Elections in the City of New York for detailed voting information.
- Chicago: Check the City of Chicago website and the Chicago Board of Election Commissioners to learn about city governance and how to vote.
- New England Towns: Smaller towns, like Salem, Connecticut, often use a more participatory Town Meeting form of government. Leadership might rest with a Board of Selectmen, or, in unique cases like the Borough of Stonington, CT, with a Board of Warden and Burgesses.
No matter your location, your municipality’s website is your go-to source for finding out how local government works and how to participate.
Helpful Resources
- Ballotpedia – Offers comprehensive information on local elections, city councils, candidates, and ballot measures.
- USMayors.org – Provides updates and results for U.S. mayoral elections and news from the United States Conference of Mayors.
Participating in local elections is one of the most direct ways to influence policy decisions that matter—from climate resilience projects to science education in public schools. Show up, speak out, and vote locally. That’s where real change begins.
Quick Guide: First-Time Local Voter Checklist
- Find Your City Council Website
- Search: “[Your City] + City Council”
- Look for meeting dates, agendas, and current representatives.
- Search: “[Your City] + City Council”
- Locate Your Local Election Office
- Search: “[Your City/County] + Board of Elections”
- Find registration deadlines, polling locations, and election dates.
- Search: “[Your City/County] + Board of Elections”
- Register to Vote
- Visit Vote.org or your state’s election website.
- Make sure your address and information are current.
- Visit Vote.org or your state’s election website.
- Research the Candidates and Issues
- Use Ballotpedia for background info.
- Check local news, candidate websites, and public debate events.
- Use Ballotpedia for background info.
- Mark Your Calendar
- Add election day and early voting dates to your digital or physical calendar.
- Set reminders for deadlines (registration, absentee ballot requests, etc.).
- Add election day and early voting dates to your digital or physical calendar.
- Vote!
- Whether in-person or by mail, cast your ballot with confidence.
- Encourage friends and family to vote too.
- Whether in-person or by mail, cast your ballot with confidence.
Voting for Your County Officials
County government plays a vital role in everyday life—but many voters don’t fully understand what counties do or how to participate in their elections.
A county is a regional administrative division within a state. Most counties contain multiple towns and cities, though some municipalities may stretch across county lines. In some cases, a city and a county may even be consolidated into a single entity. For example, New York City is made up of five counties, known as boroughs. Elsewhere, county equivalents include the District of Columbia, parishes in Louisiana, boroughs in Alaska, and independent cities like Baltimore, Maryland.
What County Governments Do
The role of county government varies widely across the United States:
- In regions like New England, counties often have minimal authority, with most power residing at the town and state level.
- In other areas, counties manage a wide range of services, including:
- Law enforcement (via the sheriff’s department)
- Judicial courts
- Public hospitals and health departments
- Roads, utilities, and public transportation
- Property tax collection and assessment
- Libraries, museums, and social services
- Parks and recreation
- Law enforcement (via the sheriff’s department)
Most counties are governed from a county seat, typically located at the county courthouse. Their leadership may take various forms: board of supervisors, county council, county commission, or commissioner’s court, depending on the state.
Who Runs the County?
At the top of the county government is usually a county executive or a county administrator:
- A county executive is the elected head of the county’s executive branch, overseeing major departments and policy implementation.
- A county administrator or county manager, often a professional with a degree in public administration, may be hired instead—providing leadership that’s less influenced by party politics.
Counties also elect or appoint a variety of key officials:
- Clerk or Recorder (Registrar)
- Treasurer
- Auditor
- Assessor
- Comptroller
- District Attorney (DA)
These individuals are responsible for essential services ranging from maintaining vital records to overseeing elections and prosecuting crimes.
The National Association of Counties (NACo) offers helpful resources for learning more about county government and the roles of these officials.
How to Get Involved
To vote for your county officials—or even run for office yourself—start by visiting your county’s official website. There you’ll find:
- Election dates and deadlines
- Candidate filing requirements
- Voter registration tools
- Public meeting calendars
- Contact information for elected officials
For example:
- Los Angeles County—the most populous county in the U.S.—provides extensive election information on its official website.
- The California State Association of Counties (CSAC) links to websites for every California county.
No matter where you live, your county government likely makes decisions that affect your health, safety, taxes, and infrastructure. Get informed, get involved, and vote at the county level.
Voting for Your State Legislatures and Constitutional Officers
Understanding your state government is essential for becoming a fully informed and empowered voter. The United States is made up of 50 states, each with its own state constitution, laws, and governmental structure. While the U.S. Constitution outlines the relationship between state and federal powers, much of the policymaking that directly affects your daily life—on issues like education, healthcare, infrastructure, and environmental protection—takes place at the state level.
Your State’s Executive Branch
Each state has a governor who serves as the chief executive, similar to the president at the national level. The governor often works alongside other elected constitutional officers, including:
- Lieutenant Governor
- Secretary of State
- Attorney General
- State Treasurer
- State Auditor
These officials play major roles in running elections, managing state finances, upholding the law, and overseeing departments that impact public services.
In some states, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected as a team (like president and vice president); in others, they are elected separately and may even come from different political parties.
Your State’s Judicial Branch
Every state has its own supreme court and judicial system. Unlike federal judges who are appointed, many state judges are elected by the public. This gives voters direct influence over their judiciary—making it all the more important to be informed about judicial candidates and elections.
Where to Find State Voting Information
To get started, visit the website of your state’s Secretary of State, which usually manages voter registration, elections, and public records.
Examples:
- Texas: The Texas Secretary of State offers election resources, along with a dedicated site for voting at VoteTexas.gov.
- Pennsylvania: The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania offers a comprehensive voter guide and online registration portal for all types of elections—primary, municipal, and general.
You can also find nonpartisan voting information by typing your state name and “vote” into a search engine, or by visiting national tools like Vote.org.
Primary Elections and State Ballots
In every state except California, Louisiana, and Washington, political parties hold primary elections to choose the candidate who will represent their party in the general election. These primaries are crucial: they often determine who will be on the ballot come November.
Special elections or by-elections may be held if a seat becomes vacant between regular election cycles.
State Legislatures: Structure and Service
Each state has a legislative branch, known by names such as:
- Legislature
- General Assembly
- Legislative Assembly
- General Court
Most are bicameral, meaning they have two chambers:
- An upper house, typically called the Senate
- A lower house, often called the House of Representatives
In total, there are 99 legislative chambers across the U.S., with over 7,000 state legislators serving the public. Legislator terms are typically two or four years, depending on the state. Only 15 states currently have term limits for legislators, most of which are capped at eight years.
Election Timing and Sessions
- Most gubernatorial elections occur every four years, though a few states have different schedules.
- Only two states currently allow governors to serve an unlimited number of terms.
- Most general elections are held in even-numbered years, while legislative sessions typically begin in January and vary in length by state.
Voting at the state level gives you a voice in critical decisions—on education funding, public health, taxation, and environmental laws. These choices impact your life just as much, if not more, than federal policies. Take the time to learn who’s running and what they stand for—because your state government is where change often begins.
Voting for Your Congressional Representative and Senators
To be an informed and empowered voter at the national level, it’s essential to understand how the United States Congress works—and why your vote for Representatives and Senators matters.
A Nation Born by the Will of the People
Every American should take the time to read two foundational documents of our nation’s history: the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the United States Constitution (1789). These texts not only declare our nation’s sovereignty but also outline how we govern ourselves—and why your voice in that government matters.
The Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, announced the separation of the original 13 colonies from British rule. After winning the War of American Independence in 1781, and the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the United States emerged as a sovereign nation. General George Washington, who led the Continental Army to victory, later presided over the Constitutional Convention and became the first President of the United States.
The Constitution, ratified in 1788 and effective in 1789, established the framework of our federal republic. It defined the balance between the federal government and the states, and created a system of checks and balances among three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were added in 1791 to protect individual liberties.
The Legislative Branch: Your Voice in Washington
The legislative branch, known as Congress, is divided into two chambers:
- The Senate (Upper House)
- The House of Representatives (Lower House, often called “Congress”)
Your U.S. Representative and U.S. Senators are the people you elect to represent your state and district in these two chambers. Their decisions affect the entire country—and your daily life.
The House of Representatives
- 435 members, elected every two years
- Representation based on population
- Responsible for:
- Initiating revenue (tax) bills
- Impeachment proceedings
- Electing the President in the event of an Electoral College tie
- Initiating revenue (tax) bills
The Senate
- 100 members (2 from each state), serving six-year terms
- Confirms presidential nominations (e.g., cabinet secretaries, judges)
- Ratifies international treaties
- Conducts impeachment trials (for presidents, federal judges, etc.)
While both chambers share lawmaking responsibilities, they also have unique powers. Together, they form the central lawmaking body of the United States—and their decisions shape the nation’s future.
Congressional Powers and Responsibilities
Congress wields enormous influence. It has the constitutional power to:
- Lay and collect taxes and manage the federal budget
- Declare war and fund the military
- Regulate interstate and foreign commerce
- Establish post offices, coin money, and maintain standards of weights and measures
- Issue patents and copyrights
- Create lower federal courts
- Oversee the executive branch through investigations and hearings (Congressional oversight)
These powers are mostly codified in the United States Code, a comprehensive collection of federal laws.
Checks and Balances
Congress’s power is balanced by the judicial and executive branches:
- The Supreme Court can overturn laws it deems unconstitutional (judicial review).
- The President can veto legislation, though Congress can override that veto with a two-thirds majority.
- Congress can propose constitutional amendments to reverse court decisions.
This system ensures that no branch of government holds absolute power—an essential safeguard in a representative democracy.
Why Your Vote Matters
Elections for Congress occur every two years. Midterm elections (in between presidential elections) often determine which party controls one or both chambers. That control affects:
- Whether science and education are funded
- What environmental protections are enforced
- Whether health policies are evidence-based
- And much more
Whether you’re voting for a new Representative or re-electing a Senator, your vote helps shape the national agenda. These are the people who pass the laws, fund the programs, and conduct oversight over federal agencies.
Next time you see a Congressional candidate’s name on your ballot, remember: you are voting for a voice in one of the most powerful legislative bodies in the world.
To be an informed and empowered voter at the national level, it’s essential to understand how the United States Congress works—and why your vote for Representatives and Senators matters.
A Nation Born by the Will of the People
Every American should take the time to read two foundational documents of our nation’s history: the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the United States Constitution (1789). These texts not only declare our nation’s sovereignty but also outline how we govern ourselves—and why your voice in that government matters.
The Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, announced the separation of the original 13 colonies from British rule. After winning the War of American Independence in 1781, and the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the United States emerged as a sovereign nation. General George Washington, who led the Continental Army to victory, later presided over the Constitutional Convention and became the first President of the United States.
The Constitution, ratified in 1788 and effective in 1789, established the framework of our federal republic. It defined the balance between the federal government and the states, and created a system of checks and balances among three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were added in 1791 to protect individual liberties.
The Legislative Branch: Your Voice in Washington
The legislative branch, known as Congress, is divided into two chambers:
- The Senate (Upper House)
- The House of Representatives (Lower House, often called “Congress”)
Your U.S. Representative and U.S. Senators are the people you elect to represent your state and district in these two chambers. Their decisions affect the entire country—and your daily life.
The House of Representatives
- 435 members, elected every two years
- Representation based on population
- Responsible for:
- Initiating revenue (tax) bills
- Impeachment proceedings
- Electing the President in the event of an Electoral College tie
- Initiating revenue (tax) bills
The Senate
- 100 members (2 from each state), serving six-year terms
- Confirms presidential nominations (e.g., cabinet secretaries, judges)
- Ratifies international treaties
- Conducts impeachment trials (for presidents, federal judges, etc.)
While both chambers share lawmaking responsibilities, they also have unique powers. Together, they form the central lawmaking body of the United States—and their decisions shape the nation’s future.
Congressional Powers and Responsibilities
Congress wields enormous influence. It has the constitutional power to:
- Lay and collect taxes and manage the federal budget
- Declare war and fund the military
- Regulate interstate and foreign commerce
- Establish post offices, coin money, and maintain standards of weights and measures
- Issue patents and copyrights
- Create lower federal courts
- Oversee the executive branch through investigations and hearings (Congressional oversight)
These powers are mostly codified in the United States Code, a comprehensive collection of federal laws.
Checks and Balances
Congress’s power is balanced by the judicial and executive branches:
- The Supreme Court can overturn laws it deems unconstitutional (judicial review).
- The President can veto legislation, though Congress can override that veto with a two-thirds majority.
- Congress can propose constitutional amendments to reverse court decisions.
This system ensures that no branch of government holds absolute power—an essential safeguard in a representative democracy.
Why Your Vote Matters
Elections for Congress occur every two years. Midterm elections (in between presidential elections) often determine which party controls one or both chambers. That control affects:
- Whether science and education are funded
- What environmental protections are enforced
- Whether health policies are evidence-based
- And much more
Whether you’re voting for a new Representative or re-electing a Senator, your vote helps shape the national agenda. These are the people who pass the laws, fund the programs, and conduct oversight over federal agencies.
Next time you see a Congressional candidate’s name on your ballot, remember: you are voting for a voice in one of the most powerful legislative bodies in the world.
The United States Congress consists of 535 voting members, who assemble in the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., the nation’s capital. Congress is divided into two chambers:
- The House of Representatives – 435 members
- The Senate – 100 members (two per state)
A new Congress convenes every two years, following national elections held in November of even-numbered years. The U.S. Constitution requires Congress to meet at least once a year, though in practice, Congress meets in two sessions per term, typically beginning in January and concluding in December. Special sessions may be called, but neither chamber may meet outside the Capitol without the consent of the other.
How Congress Actually Works
Much of the real work of Congress takes place not on the chamber floors, but in committees. These committees:
- Craft legislation
- Conduct investigations
- Hold public hearings
- Oversee federal agencies
Most committee meetings are open to the public, and their reports and transcripts are available online via databases like:
The media also covers high-profile hearings, especially those involving national security, public health, or government accountability.
🔗 Check your representative’s or senator’s website for committee calendars and issue-specific hearings.
How Representatives and Senators Are Elected
- House of Representatives: Each Representative serves a specific congressional district, which is drawn according to population size based on the U.S. Census. District boundaries are sometimes manipulated through gerrymandering—a practice where political parties redraw districts to gain electoral advantage.
Representatives serve 2-year terms, and all 435 seats are up for re-election every even-numbered year. - Senate: Each state has two senators, regardless of population. Senators serve 6-year terms, with about one-third of Senate seats contested every two years. If a senator resigns, is removed, or passes away before their term ends, a special election may be held to fill the vacancy.
The Importance of Informed Voting
A healthy democracy depends on informed, engaged citizens. When voters are uninformed or apathetic, the vacuum is filled by corruption, corporate influence, and authoritarian tendencies. That’s why your role as a voter is not just a right—but a responsibility.
To research candidates and track where their funding and interests lie, explore these excellent nonpartisan resources:
- Ballotpedia – Candidate profiles, voting records, and policy stances
- Vote Smart – Issue positions, speeches, and public statements
- OpenSecrets.org – Campaign finance and lobbying data from the Center for Responsive Politics
- FollowTheMoney.org – State-level campaign finance data from the National Institute on Money in Politics
Make Your Voice Heard
For example, in the November 6, 2018 election, all 435 House seats and one-third of the Senate were up for election. These regular election cycles give voters frequent opportunities to steer the direction of national policy.
Only you—the voter—can ensure that our nation’s laws are grounded in science, reason, and universal human rights. So:
Register to vote
Mark your calendar for upcoming elections
Show up and vote—in every election, not just the presidential ones
Your vote is your power. Use it.
Voting for Your President
Presidential elections are among the most significant and widely followed events in the United States. Held every four years on the first Tuesday after November 1, these elections determine who will lead the executive branch of the federal government—the branch responsible for enforcing laws, managing national agencies, and implementing policy.
The President of the United States works out of the White House and oversees an administration that touches nearly every aspect of American life—from the economy and education to national defense and environmental protection.
The Powers and Role of the President
As chief executive, the president:
- Appoints the heads of major government agencies, such as:
- NASA (space and technology)
- EPA (environmental protection)
- HHS (public health)
- DOE (energy policy)
- ED (education)
- DoD (national defense)
- NASA (space and technology)
- Selects a cabinet of senior advisors
- Nominates ambassadors, federal judges, and Supreme Court justices (subject to Senate confirmation)
- Serves as Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Armed Forces
Each new administration appoints thousands of officials across federal agencies. These appointments shape government priorities and policies for years to come.
The president also plays a legislative role by:
- Delivering the State of the Union address to Congress, outlining legislative goals
- Proposing legislation (though only members of Congress can formally introduce it)
- Vetoing bills, which Congress may override with a two-thirds majority
- Issuing executive orders and presidential proclamations, which have the force of law unless overturned by Congress or ruled unconstitutional by the courts
How Presidents Are Elected
Presidents are not elected by a direct popular vote. Instead, they are chosen through the Electoral College, a unique feature of American democracy:
- Primaries and Caucuses:
Political parties hold primary elections or caucuses in each state to choose their presidential nominees. These contests typically begin in early spring and culminate at each party’s national convention, where the official nominee is announced. - The General Election:
In November, voters cast ballots for president and vice president. However, they are technically voting for a slate of electors—loyal party members who pledge to vote for that candidate in the Electoral College. - The Electoral College:
- There are 538 electors: one for each U.S. senator and representative, plus three for Washington, D.C.
- Most states use a winner-take-all system—whoever wins the popular vote in that state gets all of its electoral votes (exceptions: Maine and Nebraska).
- Electors meet in their state capitals in December to cast their official votes.
- There are 538 electors: one for each U.S. senator and representative, plus three for Washington, D.C.
- Certification and Inauguration:
- In January, Congress convenes to certify the Electoral College results.
- The new president and vice president are sworn in on January 20, known as Inauguration Day, during a joint session of the newly elected Congress.
- In January, Congress convenes to certify the Electoral College results.
While electors are trusted party insiders and rarely break from their pledge, laws vary by state on whether they are legally bound to vote according to the popular vote. Historically, fewer than 1% have ever voted against their commitment.
Why It Matters
The president’s influence is far-reaching, impacting:
- Climate change policy
- Scientific research funding
- Public health strategies
- International diplomacy
- Civil rights and liberties
Your vote helps shape the direction of national leadership, law, and policy. No office in the U.S. has more visibility or power—and no vote carries more weight in setting the national tone for the future.
So mark your calendar, research the candidates, and vote—because presidential leadership determines the course of the nation.
How to Vote for President
How to Register to Vote
How to Vote – USA.gov
How to Vote
Voting is one of the most important rights and responsibilities of citizenship. But how you vote—and when—depends on the rules set by your state and local election officials.
In the U.S., state governments set the rules for voter registration and election procedures, while county auditors typically oversee the logistics—such as polling places and early voting schedules.
Three Main Ways to Vote
- Vote by Mail (Absentee or Universal Mail Voting)
- Vote Early In Person (at designated polling sites before Election Day)
- Vote on Election Day (in person at your assigned polling place)
1. Early Voting
- Available in 37 states to all registered voters—no excuse required.
- In-person absentee voting (in the remaining 13 states) requires a valid reason and is also done by mail-in ballot.
- Early voting can start as early as 45 days before an election, though most begin about 20 days prior.
Early voting is highly recommended for those with busy schedules or transportation concerns—it provides flexibility and helps avoid long lines on Election Day.
Check your state’s early voting calendar here.
2. Voting by Mail (Absentee Voting)
Any registered voter can request an absentee ballot—though some states require an excuse. Once approved, a ballot is mailed to you, which you can return by mail or official drop box.
- States like Oregon, Washington, and Colorado automatically mail ballots to all registered voters and no longer use in-person voting precincts.
- Military and overseas voters often rely on absentee ballots as their primary option.
- Absentee ballots must be requested and returned by state-specific deadlines. Late or missing ballots are a common issue, so act early.
3. Voting In Person on Election Day
- Polling locations are assigned based on your home address.
- Bring a valid form of ID—ID requirements vary by state.
- Find your polling place here.
Voting by Mail from Overseas or on Active Duty
If you’re a military or overseas voter, use the Federal Voting Assistance Program (FVAP):
- Visit: www.fvap.gov
- Select your state of voting residence from the drop-down menu.
- Download the Federal Post Card Application (FPCA) to register and request ballots.
- If your ballot hasn’t arrived 30 days before the election, use the Federal Write-In Absentee Ballot (FWAB) as a backup.
You must submit a new FPCA each calendar year to remain eligible.
Depending on your state, you can:
- Receive ballots via mail, email, or fax
- Return them via courier (FedEx/UPS) or drop them off at a U.S. embassy or consulate using the Diplomatic Pouch
Visit your embassy’s website or contact a Voting Assistance Officer for step-by-step instructions.
Download postage-paid return envelopes and printable materials at the FVAP website.
Final Steps
✅ Register to vote
✅ Know your state’s deadlines
✅ Decide how you’ll vote
✅ Research your ballot
✅ Show up—or send in your ballot—on time
Check your registration and deadlines at Vote.org.
Congratulations—You Voted!
Voting is the cornerstone of a functioning democracy. Whether you voted by mail, early, or on Election Day, you’ve taken a meaningful step to shape your community, your country, and your future.
Next up: Now that you know how to vote, let’s dive into why your vote matters. Continue reading to explore the political parties, offices, and policies that shape society—and how your vote can drive change at every level of government.
Ideals and Policies: What to Look for in a Candidate
In today’s media-driven political landscape, voters are often swayed by a candidate’s physical appearance, speaking style, fashion choices, or even social media presence. While these traits may enhance a candidate’s popularity or rhetorical effectiveness, they are ultimately superficial. At its core, government is not about appearances—it is about power, policy, and the law.
Governments create the legal frameworks that shape society. They regulate businesses, determine how public funds are spent, set standards for education and health, and decide matters of war and peace. Voting is your opportunity to influence who holds that power and how it is used.
To vote wisely, you must go beyond the surface. That means doing your research:
- Examine a candidate’s voting record and public statements.
- Compare their policy platforms with your values and interests.
- Look into their campaign donors and ask: Who are they really serving?
Below are some key questions to help you evaluate candidates based on their policy positions, not their image.
Social Policy
What is the candidate’s stance on issues that affect the well-being of everyday people?
- Healthcare access and affordability
- Public education and school nutrition
- Housing, labor rights, and unemployment benefits
- Welfare programs and veteran support
- Reproductive rights and family planning
- Crime, justice reform, and human trafficking
- Equal rights for women, minorities, and LGBTQ+ communities
- Internet regulation, euthanasia, prostitution, and animal rights
Ask yourself:
- Does this candidate promote equality and justice for all?
- Or do their policies prioritize narrow private interests?
- Do their campaign donors align with your values—or contradict them?
Economic Policy
What kind of economic system does the candidate support?
- Do they seek to cut taxes and shrink public services?
- Do they support government investment in infrastructure, education, and public health?
- Are they aligned with trade unions or corporate interests?
- Do they advocate for economic equality or protect wealth concentration?
Also consider:
- Are their economic proposals practical and sustainable?
- Do they address the root causes of poverty and inequality?
Domestic Policy
These are policies that directly affect life within the United States. Key issues to examine:
- Immigration and border control
- Renewable energy and climate change
- Gun ownership laws and public safety
- Drug legalization or prohibition
- Net neutrality and social media regulation
- Gerrymandering and election reform
- Term limits for elected officials
- Affirmative action and Social Security
Ask:
- Is the candidate protecting civil liberties and democratic integrity?
- Are their domestic priorities inclusive, fair, and future-focused?
Foreign Policy
What is the candidate’s worldview and international strategy?
- Do they favor military intervention or diplomacy and peacebuilding?
- Under what conditions would they send U.S. troops abroad?
- Are they isolationist or internationalist?
- Do they support global cooperation, trade, and climate agreements?
Foreign policy decisions can affect not just international relations, but domestic resources, military spending, refugee policy, and more. Ask:
- Do their policies reflect wisdom, restraint, and long-term thinking?
Why Political Organization Matters
Ideas alone don’t change the world—organized people do.
Citizens who share common values and interests naturally join together to amplify their political influence. One of the most powerful tools for this is the political party, which unites individuals around shared platforms, candidates, and strategies.
If you care about science, education, justice, the environment, or civil rights—find others who do too. Together, you can shape not just elections, but the future.
For Science to Prevail
Once elected, public officials are meant to serve their constituents—those who voted them into office. But the modern reality of politics is far more complicated. Most members of Congress spend a large portion of their time making phone calls to raise money for their next campaign. Why? Because campaign budgets determine visibility, and name recognition remains the single strongest predictor of electoral success.
This makes it all the more vital that responsible citizens not only vote, but also speak up—consistently, clearly, and strategically.
I have deep respect for people who take the time to call, write, or meet with their elected representatives. When I lived in the Washington, D.C. area, I relocated specifically to be closer to the political process. Now, living further away from the capital, I’m committed to finding new and effective ways to make my voice heard.
To close this guide, I’ve outlined four basic rules for political participation, along with a simple, practical action plan. My hope is that by demystifying the process, more people who care about science, human rights, and evidence-based policy will take action—not just once, but as a regular part of civic life.
Because the truth is: science and universal human rights will never prevail on their own. They must be defended and advanced by organized, informed, and persistent citizens.
What Action to Take: Four Simple Rules
Rule #1: Find Your Inner Strength
Start with yourself. Don’t let anger or despair consume you—transform it into resolve. Take care of your mental, physical, and social well-being. Practices like meditation can help sharpen focus and renew your sense of purpose. Let frustration become fuel for focused, meaningful action.
Rule #2: Stay Informed
Subscribe to email alerts, follow advocacy groups on social media, and bookmark trustworthy websites.
At Science Abbey, we maintain updated resources on our Politics page, along with posts on Facebook and Twitter to help you track legislation, participate in campaigns, and respond to urgent issues.
Knowledge is your political compass—use it to stay oriented and alert.
Rule #3: Contribute What You Can
Don’t assume someone else has it covered. Science advocacy groups—including Science Abbey—need your help.
Until every government adopts science-based policy, every action counts—no matter how small.
- Write, email, and call your local, state, and national representatives
- Support groups like 314 Action, which empower scientists to run for public office
- Join or start local chapters, attend town halls, support rallies, or submit op-eds
Even when progress is made, organized advocacy remains essential, as anti-science forces will always try to resurface for profit or power.
Rule #4: Vote—Every Time
Vote in every election: city, county, state, and national.
Find your local election dates by searching your location and the word “election” in any search engine (e.g., “Iowa election dates”).
Stay registered, track deadlines, and show up.
Because democracy doesn’t work unless we do.
Final Words
Science thrives in an open society that values truth, education, compassion, and rational dialogue. But these values don’t enforce themselves. They must be championed, defended, and voted into power.
If you believe in a better future—one grounded in reason and shared well-being—take action. It starts with one vote, one letter, one conversation at a time.
Register to vote today. Stay informed. Take a stand. Help science prevail.
Register to vote in the United States
Educate Yourself and Make Contact: A Step-by-Step Guide to Effective Civic Action
Making your voice heard in government doesn’t require a law degree or political connections. With a little preparation, you can become an effective advocate for science, human rights, and evidence-based policy.
Here’s a simple, step-by-step plan—with easy instructions and trusted resources—to educate yourself, contact your representatives, and make the most of your civic engagement:
1. Learn About Current Legislation
Start by identifying which bills are being proposed or debated:
- Congress.gov – Official site for U.S. federal legislative information
- GovTrack.us – Nonpartisan tracker of bills, votes, and members of Congress
2. Find Your Representatives
Look up your elected officials by entering your address:
- House.gov – Find your U.S. Representative
- Senate.gov – Find your U.S. Senators
- USA.gov State Contacts – State governors, attorneys general, and more
3. Write to Your Members of Congress
A well-written letter can make a real impact. Use the tools below:
- Democracy.io – Write directly to your federal lawmakers
- ThoughtCo – How to Write to Your Representative
- WriteExpress Letter Examples
- ACLU: Sample Letters to Congress
4. Call Your Members of Congress
A quick call can be just as effective as a letter:
5. Meet with Your Lawmakers Face-to-Face
Schedule a district office visit or attend a public town hall:
6. Contact State Officials
If a bill has passed in your state legislature, contact your governor about signing it into law:
7. Write or Call the White House
Have a message for the President or Executive Office?
8. Subscribe for Updates
Stay informed on science and politics through Science Abbey:
- Subscribe for email alerts and blog updates
- Watch for our upcoming article: “The Science of Government”
- Visit our companion resource: “How to Vote Quickguide” for tools and summaries from this article
Bonus: Advocacy and Civic Action Toolkits
Download the ASBMB Advocacy Toolkit for templates, strategies, and deeper guidance on effective political outreach. Check out the Science Abbey Civic Action Toolkit below.
Every email, every phone call, every vote matters.
Use your voice. Use your tools. Change starts with you.
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